At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton.

Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.

The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being\captured\by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.

The way light reflects off-marine organisms.

But steamships didn't lose their sails until the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty habit of breaking down.

Marine life may be affected too: El niños can reduce the rising of the cold, nutrient-rich water that supports large fish 35 populations, and the unusually warm ocean temperatures can destroy coral.

Ships are often sunk in order to create underwater reefs perfect for scuba diving and preserving marine habitats.

They found fossils of microscopic marine plants which suggest that the region was once open ocean not solid ice.

\The creation of a system of marine protected areas is a key part of ongoing scientific and policy discussions in CCAMLR,\ he added.

As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems.

As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south. This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in th

For example, dolphins, as well as other marine animals, shut down one hemisphere of the brain when they go to sleep.

It is home to one of the world's finest marine ecosystems,with more than 1,300 species of fish and 700 species of coral.

Le Bohec said:\The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic.\

Our long-term operation in the region depends on a healthy and thriving Antarctic marine ecosystem, which is why we have always had an open dialogue with the environmental non-governmental organisations.

Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems.

Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems.

Senator Hokkons Baules, lead sponsor of the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act, said the sanctuary will \help build a secure future for the Palauan people by honoring the conservation traditions of our past\.

That's the highest percentage of an exclusive economic zone devoted to marine conservation by any country in the world.

The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) manages the seas around Antarctica.

The new marine reserve, now the largest in the Pacific, will permit no fishing or mining.

The Pacific island nation of Palau has become home to the sixth largest marine sanctuary in the world.

We are not the ones to decide on the establishment of marine protected areas, but we hope to contribute positively with our knowledge and experience.

We often take a militaristic, \tough\ approach to resilience and determination like a Marine pulling himself through the mud, a boxer going one more round, or a football player picking himself up off the ground for one more play.

The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.