But in December, the Federal Circuit ruled that defendants could be held responsible for up to $500 per offense.

但在12月，联邦巡回上诉法院判决被告可能因每次违法行为被罚500美元。

But ratcheted back the ruling of the Federal Circuit, possibly making business-method patents easier to receive than they were before.

但它将联邦巡回上诉法院的判决稍作缓和，使得商业方法专利或许比以前更容易取得授权。

The shift is the result of a big ruling made by the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which on Tuesday upheld Raymond E.

这一转变源于美国联邦巡回上诉法院周二作出的一个判决，该判决认定Raymond E.

A separate ruling by the Federal Circuit in December raised the stakes in such cases, potentially exposing product makers to huge liabilities.

12月时联邦巡回上诉法院所作的另一个判决提升了此类案件的风险，它可能会令生产商负上巨大的法律责任。

“It’s really back to the drawing board for the Federal Circuit,” says Bednarek. “The lower courts are really going to have to follow up on this.”

“对联邦巡回上诉法院而言还是得从头做起，”Bednarek说，“下级法院真的必将紧紧跟随。”

That is, ruled the Federal Circuit, the method 1 wasn't sufficiently tied to a machine and 2 failed to transform an article from one state to another.

即，联邦巡回上诉法院判决，该方法1未与一台机器有足够的联系，及2未能把一个物体从一种状态转换为另一种状态。

Until later the "means-plus-function" disclosure format made by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), the Examination standard was formally established.

直到后来联邦巡回上诉法院提出使用“手段加功能”的披露模式，该标准才正式确定了下来。

Because of its diverse responsibilities, the Federal circuit-unlike its counterparts in Europe and japan-has never really acquired adequate expertise in patent jurisprudence.

联邦巡回上诉法院负责审理的案件涉及方方面面，不像欧洲和日本的类似法院那样专业，因此其法官们从来就不真正具有足够的专利法学知识。

The Federal Circuit (America's centralised court of appeal, established in 1982 to hear, among numerous other things, patent disputes) has been responsible for a number of bizarre rulings.

联邦巡回上诉法院是美国的中央上诉法院，成立于1982年，其审理上诉案件的范围也包括专利纠纷。它也要对大量离奇的裁决负责。

In Bilski, the court not only rejected a categorical exclusion of business method patents, but also two tests for patentability created by the U.S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

在Bilski案中，法院非但拒绝完全排除商业方法专利，而且否定了由美国联邦巡回上诉法院(该院为审理专利商标上诉案件的专门法院——译者注)缔造的判定可专利性的两个检验法。

More than a year later, Star Scientific won an appeal against R. J. Reynolds in the U. S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which sent the case back to the lower court for a trial.

一年多之后，星科公司在美国联邦巡回上诉法院上诉雷诺烟草公司获胜，该法院将案子打回下级法院重审。

In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U. s. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.

译文：美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称，它将利用一项特殊案例对商业方法专利开展广泛复审，这一举措令知识产权律师们议论纷纷。

In 2004, a federal district court judge said they did, and in April the Ninth Circuit court of Appeals agreed, ruling the case could proceed.

2004年，联邦地区法院的法官称，她们构成了集团诉讼，今年的4月份，第九上诉巡回法院支持这一判断，裁定诉讼继续进行。

The Circuit courts hear appeals from the District courts, the lowest level of federal courts.

巡回法院受理来自于地方法院的上诉，地方法院是最低级别的联邦法院。