Most roads, bridges, transit, water systems, the electric grid, and communications networks were installed 50 to 100 years ago, and they are largely taken for granted until they fail.

We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world.

Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to do financially more rewarding work.

What is taken for granted by most people?

If you act like someone who expects a fair request to be granted, chances are it will be granted.

Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.

There's a lot for students to complain about: the repayment threshold for paying back loans will be frozen for five years, meaning that lower-paid graduates have to start repaying their loans; and maintenance grants have been replaced by loans, meaning that students from poorer backgrounds face higher debt than those with wealthier parents.

Like many first-generation students, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were also attending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.

At the end of his first year, Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.

The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do.

Such pro\u001Fgrams can be expensive, of course, but cheap compared with the millions already invested in scholarships and grants for kids who have little chance to graduate without special support.

Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials (资质) for most nonacademic careers.

At the end of his first year, Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.0 GPA cut-off, making it impossible for him to continue paying for school.

Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head's grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.

historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: It is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; It has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there i

like many first-generation students, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were also attending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.

The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods Amazon.

In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.

In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.

The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.

Most of the first-generation students were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.