A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes.

对上游碳资源征税是为碳排放定价的一种简单方法，尽管一些国家可能希望使用其他方法，例如碳排放交易计划。

Another method is the emissions trading system.

另一种方法是排污权交易制度。

Even India and China have adopted versions of carbon taxes or emissions trading.

即使是印度和中国也已实行了其它形式的碳排放税或污染物排放交易细则。

Critics of emissions trading will undoubtedly say the US is better off without it.

毫无疑问，排放交易计划的批评者会说，美国最好不搞这个。

EMISSIONS trading, says Ian Johnson of IDEAcarbon, a research firm, "is not an easy concept to understand".

IDEAcarbon(一个研究公司)的Ian Johnson说，排污权交易这个概念不容易理解。

Although it is not yet common in North America, emissions trading has been gaining popularity in parts of Europe.

尽管排污权交易在北美还不普遍，但在欧洲一些地区却非常受欢迎。

The European emissions trading scheme, which will affect large European manufacturers from next January, is already starting to bite.

欧洲油气交易方案将于明年一月生效，届时会影响到大量欧洲大生产商，其影响现在就已经开始了。

The emissions trading rules, which already apply to heavily-polluting industries such as energy companies, will apply to airlines from January 2012.

碳减排计划，在像能源企业这样的重污染工业早已实施。

Two of them plan to auction all the permits, unlike the countries in the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme, which handed them out for nothing.

其中2个州采取的方式与欧盟排放交易计划的无偿分配方式不同，他们选择以竞拍形式发放配额。

Current carbon pricing schemes, such as the European emissions trading scheme, are a good start, but they leave out too many sectors, and permits are too cheap.

目前的碳定价机制(例如欧洲的碳排放交易机制)是一个良好的开端，但它们遗漏了太多的行业，而且排放许可的价格过低。

Delegates from nearly 200 nations gather in the Danish capital Copenhagen in December to try to agree on the shape of a post-2012 emissions trading system.

今年12月大约200多个国家的代表将齐聚丹麦首都哥本哈根，讨论2012年以后的减排交易体制。

The European Union argues that one credit must equal one tonne of carbon dioxide for its Emissions Trading Scheme, the largest emissions market, to be effective.

欧盟严格遵循一个碳权只能用于抵消一吨碳排放，唯有如此，排放交易计划才能维持有效运作。

The influence of the first kind of market authority, namely permitting price operation on emissions trading plan is discussed under the conditions of duopoly.

在寡头垄断市场条件下，讨论了第一类市场势力，即操纵许可价格对排污权交易计划的影响。

The European Union, through its emissions trading scheme, has tried to make power plants consider the costs of carbon, forcing them to buy "permits" for emissions.

欧盟通过其排放量交易计划，用迫使电厂购买“排放许可”的方法，试图使电厂考虑煤的成本。

Our new understanding of the rebound effect reinforces the case for price-based measures, such as carbon taxes and emissions trading, to control emissions directly.

他说：“我们对回弹效应新的理解，更突显了基于价格的措施——比如碳税及排放权交易——直接控制碳排放的有效性。”

Under the proposals, airlines would leave the EU emissions trading scheme, which they are due to join in 2012, and would buy carbon dioxide permits in a global market.

在这份提议中，航空公司将离开其本应在2012年加入的欧盟碳交易系统，并会在全球市场中购买二氧化碳许可。

To achieve this, the commission will back fuel-efficient vehicles, expand emissions trading, and encourage the use of public transport and low-energy construction.

为了达到这个目标，该委员会将支持推广高效燃料机车，增加尾气排放权交易，鼓励使用公共交通以及推行低耗能源建设。

High gas costs and very low auction prices for carbon emissions within the European emissions Trading Scheme meant that generators chose to use dirty coal rather than gas.

较高的天然气价格和如今欧洲排放交易体系上极低的碳排放量拍卖价格意味着高污染的煤炭更加受到发电厂商的欢迎。

Abstract: Emissions trading was introduced in our country has been 20 years of history, but in China in the implementation of the system, encountered a lot of obstacles.

摘要：排污权交易引入我国已经有20多年的历史了，但是中国在实施该制度时，遇到了很多阻碍。

Walsh said the European Union should use its emissions trading scheme as a fore-runner for a global programme but not attempt to drag in non-EU airlines lest they take legal action.

沃尔什还表示欧盟应该作为全球计划的先驱，实行它的排放权交易计划，但不要尝试将非欧航空公司也拉这项计划，以免他们提出诉讼。

The International Emissions Trading Association, an industry body, called for “know your customers” rules, a step in this direction, in a letter to the EU that was sent a year ago.

一个行业组织，国际排放交易协会在一年前致欧盟的信中，要求遵循“了解你的客户”原则，便是朝这个方向迈出的一步。

At EU level, this approach is embodied in the greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme (ETS), the 2003 directive on energy taxation and the recently revised Eurovignette directive on truck tolls.

在欧盟这一级别，这种做法体现在温室气体排放交易机制(“排放交易机制”)中，即2003年能源税指令以及最近刚刚修改的对超重卡车收费的Eurovignette指令。

Everyone blithely signed on to the EU's flagship emissions-trading scheme. But France and Germany then gave their industries so many permits to pollute that they undermined the entire scheme.

每个国家都在排污权交易这一欧盟的旗舰性计划上欣然签字，但法国和德国却给予其企业太多的污染排放许可，使得整个计划徒有虚名。

The bickering about emissions-trading will also focus attention on the expense of fighting global warming.

关于排放量交易的争论同样将会把注意力聚焦到应对全球变暖的费用上去。

That said, demand for renewables elsewhere might increase, as Germany's extra use of fossil fuels pushed up the price of carbon in Europe's emissions-trading scheme.

话虽如此，但由于德国对化石燃料的额外使用推高了欧洲排放交易体系的碳价格，因此其他地区对可再生能源的需求有可能增加。