We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
出自-2009年考研翻译原文
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.
出自-2009年考研翻译原文
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
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Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.
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When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.
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We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.
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The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.
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Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
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On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.
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Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.
出自-2009年考研阅读原文
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
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More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.
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More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
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Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.
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In facts, the more new things we try- the more we step outside our comfort zone - the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
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In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
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Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas.
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He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.
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He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
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DNA testing is also the latest rage many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots.
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Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.
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At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
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Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put for adoption.
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According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
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To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
出自-2010年考研翻译原文
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value.
出自-2010年考研翻译原文
It is only in recent years that we hear It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit ,real or fancied ,to itself.
出自-2010年考研翻译原文
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
出自-2010年考研翻译原文
Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
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These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.
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The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.
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The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.
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Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants and cafes.
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Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
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Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard.
出自-2010年考研阅读原文
Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
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Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them.
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Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious.
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It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
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In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.
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If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
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For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
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But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
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Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another.
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While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.
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Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
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This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.
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The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more ( ' , and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
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The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
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So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
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Many students experience both varieties.
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Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.
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It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
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However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.
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Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization”.
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For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.
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For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.
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But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like.
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But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-1971 than they did 20 years later.
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As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.
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Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non- specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
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All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
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Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.
出自-2011年考研阅读原文
The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits ( ' , particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
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The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.
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Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
出自-2012年考研翻译原文
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.
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Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.
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The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
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The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.
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That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.
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Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
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In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.
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In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
出自-2012年考研阅读原文
Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.
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For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode.
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First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.
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Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
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Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.
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But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
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At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.
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When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.
出自-2013年考研翻译原文
This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foremer becomes all the more urgent.
出自-2013年考研翻译原文
In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.
出自-2013年考研翻译原文
Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
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This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.
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This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.
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The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.
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The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.
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The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.
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That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
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Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
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She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.
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Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.
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Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.
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In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
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Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.
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Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
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During the late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
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Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.
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